Characterization And Suspense In Alice Walkers Everyday Use

An author’s positioning of details in a story can make or break a story. Many aspects of revealing details can go wrong, but those details can be used to build suspense when they are placed in the correct space. Characterization is a huge part of Walker’s piece, and the way in which she used imagery and past events builds suspense and provides only needed information. The suspense created by Walker creates a sense of uneasiness in the reader, and adds to the overall message of the story. Through foreshadowing, Alice Walker was able to build up her characters and her plot, while at the same time not giving away too much information too soon. Stories can easily be flooded out with too much nonessential information, but all the information†¦show more content†¦Characterization can be broad or it can stretched past the horizon, and Alice Walker stretched it and took it to a new dimension. Suspense adds to a story by creating a feeling of uneasiness in the reader as it builds to a particular part in a story. The â€Å"parts† in this story would be the arrival of Dee and the ending where the mom decides that Maggie truly deserves the quilts, not Dee. As discussed in the first body paragraph, the moms longing for that stereotypical reunion builds and adds suspense leading to the reunion. Maggie’s reaction accumulates suspense, because the reader just wants to know what will happen next and what is happening. A car pulls up, and the mother announces that it is Dee and â€Å"Maggie attempts to make a dash for the house, in her shuffling way, but I stay her with my hand. ‘Come back here,’ I say. And she stops and tries to dig a well in the sand with her toes† (Walker 700). Walker not only adds suspense by Maggie’s reaction, she also paints a picture where the reader is able to visualize and feel what is happening. This visualization and feeling adds to the readers’ emotions and to the overall effectiv eness of the story. As Dee and her â€Å"friend, â€Å" Asalamalakim, interact with Maggie and her mother, the reader learns more and more about them. While one is reading and learning about Dee and Asalamalakim, they wonder how it pertains, but by the

Caffeine Can Improve Our Physical And Cognitive Function...

Caffeine is one of the most popular drink and psychoactive drug in today’s world (Nehlig, 1999). A lot of studies have focused on caffeine with behavior and there was one article by (Smith, 2002) which was explaining how caffeine has been known to increase anxiety after a dose of 300mg or more has been ingested. In an earlier study by Lieberman (1988) it was also proven the caffeine was to reduce depression when in was ingested in moderate doses (Smith, 2002). Many studies have focused with a large consumption of caffeine or with a single dose of caffeine never truly addressing the tolerance of the participants or seeing the long lasting effects of caffeine on the participants (Soar, Chapman, Lavan, Jansari Turner, 2016). Caffeine is normally seen as a ‘drug’ that can improve our physical and cognitive functions (Hogervost, Bandelow, Schmitt, Jentjens, Oliveira, Allgrove, Carter Gleeson, 2008). It is known to hold many beneficial effects with fatigue, concentrat ion levels and the skills being applied to physical and mental functions (Hogervorst et al., 2008). It is able to change our central nervous system along with our reaction time for the better, compared to with when there is fatigue our brain and bodies tend to slow down and lose focus on what was trying to be achieve (Smith, 2002). In the Nehlig, (1999) article they mentioned the ‘mechanism of action of caffeine’ where they went over the best concentration of caffeine is usually achieved around one to two cups ofShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Caffeine992 Words   |  4 PagesThe effect of caffeine on accuracy in a sports related task Introduction The use of caffeine is worldwide, contained in a range of foods, beverages and medicines with it being one of the most frequently consumed ingredients worldwide (Heckman, Weil, Mejia, Gonzalez, 2010). 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Tfeminist Approach on Jane Eyre Free Essays

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING â€Å"Behind every book is a man; behind the man is a race; and behind the race are the natural and social environments whose influence is unconsciously reflected†, this we must know, if the book is to speak its whole message. In simple word, we have now reached at the point where we wish to understand and enjoy literature, and the first step toward it is to know its essential qualities as exact definition is impossible. † -Author Unknown Introduction When we begin the study of literature, we find it has always two aspects, one of the simple enjoyment and appreciation and the other of analysis and exact description. We will write a custom essay sample on Tfeminist Approach on Jane Eyre or any similar topic only for you Order Now Usually it happens when we go through literature in our classroom either by ourselves or by our teachers one thing matters very much and that is the importance of literature for students? Until our concept is not clear we can never understand what literature is? We need time and understanding to nurture our spirits. In broader sense, perhaps literature means simply written records of the race, including all its history and sciences, as well as its poems and novels, and in narrower sense literature is the artistic record of life and most of our writing excluded from it. A history or a science may be a literature sometimes but only when we forget the subject matter and the presentation of facts in the simple beauty of its expression. So some such experience as this awaits us when we begin the study of literature with its two aspects of simple enjoyment and appreciation and the other if analysis and exact description. Like when a song appeals to the ear or a noble book to the heart we discover a new world for the moment, at least, a completely new world which is very different from our own world and it sees that we are in a place of dreams and magic. Literature adds to reality, it does not simply describe it. It enriches the necessary competencies that daily life requires and provides; and in this respect, it irrigates the deserts that our lives have already become. † – C. S Lewis, a British scholar and novelist. As stated in the quotation by C. S. Lewis, literature not only describes reality but also adds to it. Yes, literature is not merely a depiction of reality; it is rather a value-addition. Literary works are portrayals of the thinking patterns and social norms prevalent in society. They are a depiction of the different facets of common man’s life. Classical literary works serve as a food for thought and a tonic for imagination and creativity. Exposing an individual to good literary works, is equivalent to providing him/her with the finest of educational opportunities. On the other hand, the lack of exposure to classic literary works is equal to depriving an individual from an opportunity to grow as an individual. â€Å"Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automaton a machine without feelings? and can bear to have my morsel of bread snatched from my lips and drop of living water dashed from my cup? Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain and little, I am soulless and heartless? you think wrong! I have as much soul as you? and full as much heart! It is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if we had both passed through the grave, and we stood at God’s feet, equal? as we are! † -Charlotte Bronte The above passage is an excerpt from the novel ‘Jane Eyre’. Feminism is both an intellectual commitment and a political movement that seeks justice for women and the end of sexism in all forms. However, there are many different kinds of feminism. Feminists disagree about what sexism consists in, and what exactly ought to be done about it; they disagree about what it means to be a woman or a man and what social and political implications gender has or should have. Nonetheless, motivated by the quest for social justice, feminist inquiry provides a wide range of perspectives on social, cultural, and political phenomena. Important topics for feminist theory and politics include: the body, class and work, disability, the family, globalization, human rights, popular culture, race and racism, reproduction, science, the self, sex work, and sexuality. Some forms of feminist theory question basic assumptions about gender, gender difference, and sexuality, including the category of â€Å"woman† itself as a holistic concept, further some are interested in questioning the male/female binary completely (offering instead a multiplicity of genders). Other forms of feminist theory take for granted the concept of â€Å"woman† and provide specific analyzes and critiques of gender inequality, and most feminist social movements promote women’s rights, interests, and issues. Feminism is not a single ideology. Over-time several sub-types of feminist ideology have developed. Early feminists and primary feminist movements are often called the first-wave feminists, and feminists after about 1960 the second-wave feminists. More recently, a new generation of feminists have started third-wave feminism. Whether this will be a lasting evolution remains to be seen as the second-wave has by no means ended nor has it ceded to the third-wave feminists. Moreover, some commentators have asserted that the silent majority of modern feminists have more in common ideologically with the first-wave feminists than the second-wave. For example, many of the ideas arising from Radical feminism and Gender feminism (prominent second-wave movements) have yet to gain traction within the broader community and outside of Gender Studies departments within the academy. For example, Radical feminism argues that there exists an oppressive patriarchy that is the root cause of the most serious social problems. Violence and oppression of women, because they are women, is more fundamental than oppressions related to class, ethnicity, religion, etc. Radical feminists have been very vocal and active in influencing attitudes and state-wide school curriculum standards. Thus, it is not unusual for feminism to be equated with the ideas proposed by Radical feminism. Some find that the prioritization of oppression and the universalization of the idea of â€Å"Woman,† which was part of traditional Radical feminist thinking, too generic, and that woman in other countries would never experience the same experience of being â€Å"woman† than women in Western countries did. Some radical feminists advocate separatism—a complete separation of male and female in society and culture—while others question not only the relationship between men and women, but the very meaning of â€Å"man† and â€Å"woman† as well. Some argue that gender roles, gender identity, and sexuality are themselves social constructs Other feminists believe that there may be social problems separate from or prior to patriarchy; they see feminism as one movement of liberation among many, each affecting the others. In this section, we will explore some of the main schools of feminist thought. In addition, feminist literary theory is a complex, dynamic area of study that draws from a wide range of critical theories, including psychoanalysis, Marxism, cultural materialism, anthropology, and structuralism. Feminism brings many things to philosophy including not only a variety of particular moral and political claims, but ways of asking and answering questions, constructive and critical dialogue with mainstream philosophical views and methods, and new topics of inquiry. Feminist philosophers work within all the major traditions of philosophical scholarship including analytic philosophy, American Pragmatist philosophy, and Continential philosophy. Entries in the Encyclopedia appearing under the heading â€Å"feminism, approaches† discuss the impact of these traditions on feminist scholarship and examine the possibility and desirability of work that makes links between two traditions. Feminist contributions to and interventions in mainstream philosophical debates are covered in entries in this encyclopedia under â€Å"feminism, interventions†. Entries covered under the rubric â€Å"feminism, topics† concern philosophical issues that arise as feminists articulate accounts of sexism, critique sexist social and cultural practices, and develop alternative visions of a just world. In short, they are philosophical topics that arise within feminism. Although there are many different and sometimes conflicting approaches to feminist philosophy, it is instructive to begin by asking what, if anything, feminists as a group are committed to. Considering some of the controversies over what feminism is provides a springboard for seeing how feminist commitments generate a host of philosophical topics, especially as those commitments confront the world as we know it. The term ‘feminism’ has many different uses and its meanings are often contested. For example, some writers use the term ‘feminism’ to refer to a historically specific political movement in the US and Europe; other writers use it to refer to the belief that there are injustices against women, though there is no consensus on the exact list of these injustices. Although the term â€Å"feminism† has a history in English linked with women’s activism from the late 19th century to the present, it is useful to distinguish feminist ideas or beliefs from feminist political movements, for even in periods where there has been no significant political activism around women’s subordination, individuals have been concerned with and theorized about justice for women. So, for example, it makes sense to ask whether Plato was a feminist, given his view that women should be trained to rule (Republic, Book V), even though he was an exception in his historical context. Although feminist literary theory is often described simply as the use of feminist principles and techniques to analyze the textual constructions of gendered meaning, feminists’ definitions of gender and of feminism have undergone a number of significant alterations since the early 1970s. By adopting already existing feminist insights and applying them in new ways, literary theorists transform them, thus creating an increasingly diversified field of study. The researchers prefer to conduct this study because of their personal choice and interest. They selected this kind of tudy due to the fact that it seems to prove of real value to them. Definitely this subject of study is the thing that they always wanted to learn more about. Since the researchers are all feminine this chosen study allows them to find out why most of the women have played a subordinate role to men in human societies. Also, to discover how women’s lives have change throughout history and to understand why women’s experience is different from men’s. Conceptual and Theorethical Framework It is through reading such great literary and poetic works, that one understands life. They help a person take a closer look at the different facets of life. In many ways, it can change one’s perspective towards life. Lives of brilliant achievers and individuals who have made a valuable contribution to society, are sketched in their biographies. These works give the readers an insight into the lives of these eminent people, while also serving as a bible of ideals. True, languages are the building blocks of literature. But the study of literature cannot be restricted to only studying languages. In fact, literature cannot be confined to an educational curriculum. A degree in language and literature is perhaps unable to provide one, with everything that literature can offer. Literature, is definitely, much more than its literary meaning, which defines it as ‘an acquaintance to letters’. It, in fact, lays the foundation of an enriched life; it adds ‘life’ to ‘living’. According to Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, Mary Wollstonecraft’s ‘A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)’ â€Å"presents the first fully elaborated feminist criticism of misogynist images of women in literature, as well as the fist sustain agument for female political, economic and legal equality. Wollstonecraft’s critique of the disparity between the types of obedience to God expected on Adam and Eve in John Milton’s â€Å"Paradise Lost† is a prime example of this. She says, â€Å"Men appear to me to act in a very unphilosophical manner when they try to secue thr good conduct of women by attempting to keep them always in a state of childhood,†an observation that she uses to support her claim that men are not, as was the prevailing notion during her era, inherently more reasonable? and therefore better suited to philosophy and the creation of art? than women. In A Room of One’s Own [Shakespeare’s Sister] (1929), Virginia Woolf highlights the gap between the broad range of women depicted in English literature â€Å"from about 1470† to the renaissance ( 1377 ) and the lack of women creating English literature. She says, â€Å"if women has no existence save in the fiction written by men, one would imagine her a person of the utmost importance; very various; heroic and mean; splendid and sordid; infinitely beautiful and hideous in the extreme; as great as man; some think even better. But this is woman in fiction† (1378). Woolf explain that this is because although â€Å"some of the most profound thoughts in literature fall from her lips; in real life she could hardly read, could scarcely spell, and was the property of her husband†(1379). She then constructs a fictional sister, Judith, for William Shakespeare and speculates on the ways in which the Bard’s equally talented sister might come to an unfortunate end (1380-1381) in order to illustrate that the absence of women writers in the literary canon is symptomatic of a lack of opportunities and education for women, not a lack of talent in women. These two issues- misogynist representations of women in literature and the obstacle faced by female authors (which lead to the recovery of texts by female authors )? have continued to be important touchstones of feminist literary theory and criticism. Feminist studies as an academic field arose from the second? wave feminist movement in the 1960, and often came into conflict with New Criticism, which was the period’s primary mode of literary analysis (Messer-Davidow 304). Social phenomena Images of Women Education Culture and Beliefs The Roles and Images of Women in the Society Research Paradigm Figure 1. Statement of the Problem This study focused on the roles and images of women in the society as presented in the novel â€Å"Jane Eyre†. It sought to answer the following problems: 1. How did the following factors contribute in shaping the image of the female character in the story: a. Social phenomena b. Culture and beliefs c. Education 2. What traits of the female character are depicted in the story? 3. How does this traits affected the other characters in the story? 4. What is the implications of the roles of the characters to the following factors: a. Family b. Modern women c. Racism Research Methodology The researcher use the descriptive method of research, which describes and interprets what is. It is concerned with conditions of relationships that exist; practices that prevail; beliefs, processes that are going on; effects that are being felt, or trends that are developing. According to Leedy, this is a method that simply looks with intense accuracy the phenomena of the moment and describes precisely what the researcher sees. The researcher apply the descriptive method of research particularly in literary criticism, which deals with different dimensions of literature as a collection of texts through which authors evoke more or less fictitious worlds for the imagination of readers. The researcher make use of the descriptive research in literary criticism along with the feminism approach, is an approach about ideas or beliefs from feminist point of view and women’s subordination, individuals have been concerned with and theorized about justice for women. Significance of the Study Literature not only pleases us but instructs us also. The authors who attain to the eminence of the classics are those who exercise their imagination on the serious problems of life and explain or elucidate them through fiction. Such are the problem of the good and evil in life, love, duty, beauty, truth, etc. the reader too in the course in his life comes to grips with one or the other of these problems. She is baffled and perhaps would give up but for the guidance from the classics. They give her not a tangible solution but the heroic temper that enables her to pass through the ordeal and survive brutal shocks. Our tragedies show us how to preserve the emotional balance which is the sign of a healthy woman. In this respect biographies and authobiograpies are most useful. If we fail to find a kindred soul in actual life we can find any number of them amongst the dead. Literatures thus widen our contact and we enjoy life more abundantly. Literature provides a common platform for discussion and exchange of thoughts and social or political reforms through exposition those writings with the purpose have played their part in the eradication of a number of ills to which we are heirs. Literature does not openly preach like the man in the pulpit. Literature elevates our minds, and ennobles our character. It is a criticism of life and its high seriousness servers to mould our minds. From the pettiness of life we pass over to the natural beauties or the domain of fundamental emotions mirrored in the lyrics, the pure and spontaneous forms of literature. Our goal here is not to survey the history of feminism — as a set of ideas or as a series of political movements — but rather is to sketch some of the central uses of the term that are most relevant to those interested in contemporary feminist philosophy. The references we provide below are only a small sample of the work available on the topics in question; more complete bibliographies are available at the specific topical entries and also at the end of this entry. Very broadly, then, one might characterize the goal of feminism to be ending the oppression of women. But if we also acknowledge that women are oppressed not just by sexism, but in many ways, e. g. , by classism, homophobia, racism, ageism, ableism, etc. , then it might seem that the goal of feminism is to end all oppression that affects women. Moreover this study was conducted to provides a wide range of perspectives on social cultural, education and political phenomena highlighting the issues about feminism. Likewise, the aim of this study is to discuss the impact of these traditions on feminist scholarship and examine the possibility and desirability of work that makes links among the different aspects of life of a woman. Scope and Delimitation of the Study The emergence of feminist literary criticism is one of the major developments in literary studies in the past thirty years or so. This article attempts to give an overall view of feminist literary criticism, its discovery of early women novelists and feminist readings. Since feminist literary criticism has re-discovered the forgotten texts, from the 17th century onwards, written by women whose contribution to the emergence of the novel genre is undeniable, and included them in the critical evaluations, it is quite important to present them both in a historical and literary perspective. Thus the first part of this article is largely devoted to the literary achievements of these early women writers. The second part of the article mainly concentrates on the most recent phase of feminist criticism  by trying to offer a theoretical perspective so that the reader is provided with a broad view of its developments. It would, however, be an incomplete discussion of feminist literary perspectives if feminist readings were excluded from the argument. Therefore the third part of the article deals with feminist readings of texts, showing their crucial differences from the male readings. The major strategy in this part is to point to a comprehensive perspective by using the deconstructive critical approach. In fact, throughout this article the deconstructive approach plays an important role, not only in arguing how the dominant discourses are challenged and disrupted, but also in demonstrating that there can be no universal and privileged meanings and values in literary traditions. Instead, there are only multiple meanings. To exemplify this view, the article concludes with a deconstructive reading of a postmodern text. This study focused on the novel entitled ‘Jane Eyre’ by Charlotte Bronte. In the century and a half since Jane Eyre was first published it has been cast as everything from a garden variety romance to a feminist tract. Jane Eyre is a tremendously romantic book, and Jane’s love story is absolutely central to the tale. In the best sense it is a book about survival, about a girl with nothing but her wits, her determination, her powerful sense of justice and honor, who survives and even finds happiness. The choice of stories is dependent upon the following points: 1. ) a novel that reflect aspects of feminism; 2. ) it was written by female writer; 3. ) it was written in English; 4. ) it has an interpretation of issues concerning feminist theory and approach. Definition of Terms To provide a clearer and better understanding of the present discussion, the following terms were defined conceptually and operationally: Literature- written works with artistic value written works such as fiction, poetry, drama, and criticism that are recognized as having important or permanent artistic value. Feminism- belief in women’s rights: belief in the need to secure, or a commitment to securing, rights and opportunities for women equal to those of men. Racism- belief in racial superiority: the belief that people of different races have different qualities and abilities, and that some races are inherently superior or inferior. Culture- people with shared beliefs and practices: a group of people whose shared beliefs and practices identify the particular place, class, or time to which they belong. Beliefs- acceptance of truth of something, acceptance by the mind that something is true or real, often underpinned by an emotional or spiritual sense of certainty. | | Misogynist-hatred of women, the hatred of women as sexually defined group. Sexism- sex discrimination, discrimination against women or men because of their sex. Classisism-discrimination because of class, discrimination or prejudice based on social or economic class. Perspective- particular evaluation of something, a particular evaluation of a situation or facts, especially from one person’s point of view. Holistic-relating to a whole, including or involving all of something, especially all, of somebody’s physical, mental, and social conditions, not just physical symptoms in the treatment of illness. Ideology- system of social beliefs, a closely organized system of beliefs, values and ideas forming the basis of a social, How to cite Tfeminist Approach on Jane Eyre, Papers

Foreign Market Products and Services

Question: Discuss about the Foreign Market for Products and Services. Answer: Introduction: The customers opinion on the overall superiority, value and quality of the products and services of a company is referred to as the perceived quality. It takes into consideration, the overall features, dependability, stability, goodwill of the products and services. Thus, it looks after both the intangible and tangible characteristics in deciding the quality of an organization (Beneke et al. 2013). It affects the revenue margins, power and goodwill of brand name, share of market, equity of brand, profitability and returns on investment. Hence, to enter the foreign market, a company needs to take care of the above mentioned factors affecting the perceived quality. Thus, before entering into the market on global basis, the customers views and perspectives must be taken into consideration. It is the customers judgments and views which will decide the future of a company, whether it will continue, in the upcoming years (Assaker et al. 2015). Globalization refers to the economical conditions and financial abilities which allow an organization to develop and grow, to enter the international markets. Globalization is effective towards increasing the number of opportunities for companies as they compete on a large platform. The globalized markets provide numerous advantages; a company can attain finances from a company in the market to buy raw materials from another company (Baylis, Smith and Owens 2013). Starbucks had remained a successful company in the local market, which made the management realize the importance of its expansion globally. Starbucks had expanded effectively from the year 2003, in the international markets. The world became familiar with the effect of Starbucks and was welcome in a very warm manner. But, the globalization was criticized in the case of Starbucks. The major problems faced by the company were: The name, logo of Starbucks was copied by its rival companies. It had to take steps in order to differentiate between the original and copied ones. There were disagreements in the prices quoted by different organizations in different regions across the world. It faced huge challenges and difficulties while entering the market of Europe, but slowly it transformed itself to fit the demands of the European markets. Though there were huge amount of criticisms, it was due to globalization that Starbucks have landed up to such a position (Latif, 2014). Diversification is a major challenge, as new products might not be accepted by the public. But, to accept challenges with huge growth and development was the main aim of Howard Schultz (Lemus et al. 2015). Starbucks was long known for its foam drinks like espressos and lattes but slowly it moved towards other drinks and food items. Starbucks accepted the fact that people do not drink so much of coffee per day that will lead to its expansion. Thus, it decided to diversify itself by recognizing and identifying the requirements of the consumers. It started providing breakfast dishes, pastries, lunch, snacks and other healthy food items. Also, the complimentary food was provided with coffee and tea which has increased the revenue and status of the organization, all across the world (Leavy 2016). As a junior member of the company, one must focus on the basic requirements of the customers. A company must have the potential to grow its earnings and improve the lives of the millions who stand below the line of the pyramid. The checklist should consider the following while starting of evaluation procedures (Parker et al. 2015): Awareness of Product Whether the product is known and understood by everyone using, or those who are going to use the product? The awareness should be made by proper communication channels and campaigns. Accessibility of the Product Whether the product is easily available? What difficulties are being faced by consumers in conquering the products and services of the company? Affordability of the Product Whether the products and services are affordable for the local and BOP people? Availability of the Product Even when there is ample of production, the products are unavailable. One must check, whether the goods are available as per requirement? What are the reasons of non availability? Design of Product Whether the design is attractive? Whether the design fulfills the requirements of the consumers? Whether any redesigning is required for the product before it is made available to the public? Immediate value of the Product Whether the product or service will acquire an immediate response and value from the local public? Thus, the development process must be strong and efficient to meet the needs of the target public. Communication process for the Product How does the advertisement and communication process attract the target customers? Whether the process requires revising? The mindset and strategies must change and refinement must occur accordingly to attain stability and growth of the company. Thus, the above guidelines must be identified and implemented for meeting the potential of a BOP market segment. The micro packs of shampoos and soaps were offered by Companies such as Unilever and Procter Gamble. The initiative was undertaken to assist the group of villagers, to manage their budgets and income (Angeli and Jaiswal 2015). Thus, they proved their ability to meet the social objectives of helping the low income people, along with the economic objectives like earning huge profits. Thus, it strengthened my view that it is not exploitation, when both the parties benefit from the marketing policies. As per my opinion, the lower level consumers must be extended with the lower interest rates, to help them in purchasing the essential and durable consumer goods. The company must be competent enough to meet the financial, social and sustainable requirements, to grow and develop in the market. The justification can be done only when, the lending of lower interest rates encourages the efficiency and revenue earning capacity of the company. The companies can remove the poverty from the country and provide wealth to the lower level groups. This above can be done by the act of promoting corporate social responsibility. For example, tobacco usage could hamper the health of the consumers. In order to help them divert to the consumption of better available goods, the prices should be increased. Thus, the economic growth can be improved by such steps undertaken by the companies. References Angeli, F. and Jaiswal, A.K., 2015. Competitive dynamics between MNCs and domestic companies at the base of the pyramid: An institutional perspective.Long Range Planning,48(3), pp.182-199. Assaker, G., Hallak, R., Gursoy, D., Yolal, M. and Lee, T., 2015. Perceived service quality and its effect on value, satisfaction and destination loyalty. InThe 5th Advances in Hospitality Tourism Marketing and Management (AHTMM) Conference, Beppu, Japan, 18-21 June 2015.(pp. 179-182). Washington State University. Baylis, J., Smith, S. and Owens, P., 2013.The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international relations. Oxford University Press. Beneke, J., Flynn, R., Greig, T. and Mukaiwa, M., 2013. The influence of perceived product quality, relative price and risk on customer value and willingness to buy: a study of private label merchandise.Journal of Product Brand Management,22(3), pp.218-228. Latif, M., Gulzar, H., Bukhari, S.R. and Sameen, S.N., 2014. Starbucks sustained during economic crisis.International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting,4(1), p.307. Leavy, B. (2016). Effective leadership todaycharacter not just competence.Strategy Leadership,44(1), 20-29. Lemus, E., Von Feigenblatt, O.F., Orta, M. and Rivero, O., 2015. Starbucks Corporation: Leading Innovation in the 21st Century.Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences,7(1), pp.23-38. Parker, O.N., Krause, R. and Covin, J.G., 2015. Ready, Set, Slow How Aspiration-Relative Product Quality Impacts the Rate of New Product Introduction.Journal of Management, p.0149206315569314.

Swan Lake Higher Learning by John Singleton Essay Example For Students

Swan Lake Higher Learning by John Singleton Essay In the 1995 movie, Higher Learning, John Singleton gives evidence to numerous sociological issues. In which, Singleton emphasizes that our society needs to be re-socialized, so that society as a whole can overlook all of our preconceived stereotypes and norms, and pass judgement on people not based on the color of their skin or beliefs. As such, three major, and five minor sociological issues arise in the film. The major sociological issue is the use of symbols. Symbolic Interaction asserts that society is composed of symbols, which use to establish meaning and relationships, to coordinate actions, and to develop a view of the world and the self Henslin, p. 15. Singleton uses many examples of symbols throughout the film. For example, the statue of Columbus signifies the need for a global change in attitude. Disproving the common theory that the world was flat, Columbus revolutionized societys outlook on their contemporary lifestyle. Singleton uses this revolutionary figure to signify that universities and other such institutions can also be used as avenues for a global mindset change, by learning. We will write a custom essay on Swan Lake Higher Learning by John Singleton specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Another symbol used throughout the film is the act of running. Malik is portrayed throughout the film as running, signifying a progression from a typical gangbanger to an educated athlete. Conversely, periods throughout the film where Malik is off the track team or not running, Singleton digresses Maliks education and reverts the character back to a hoodlum. Evidence of this is when Malik is kicked off the track team, and Dr. Phipps informs Malik that his paper is not up to university standards. Another symbol strongly used in the film is the character Deja. Dejas character exemplifies tolerance and innocence lost. She dedicates her efforts on studying, yet manages to fulfill her role on the track team; whereas, Malik loses his motivation for schooling after being depicted as just a thoroughbred. Deja throughout the film encourages Malik to make use of his opportunity and not to succumb to his pride. Likewise, the ending of the film would not have brought forth the same emotions in the audience if any of the other characters had died. Deja represented the studious and hard working pupil, and her death signified an innocent lost. Another major sociological issue arising in the film is the role of groups. Groups mold basic perception and ideals, and these groups become part of each members identity and the lens through which a member views society Henslin, p. 101. An example of this from the film is when Fudge categorizes the student body. Fudge enlightens Malik to the fact that all the Asian students socialize with each other, all of the white students socialize with each other, and how Malik being a black student, should congregate with the rest of the black student body. Even though all of the students preside on the same campus, or a secondary group, the general student body breaks down into more individual primary groups. Moreover, Singleton illustrates how peer pressure affects individuals in these primary groups. For example, Remys skinhead friends coerce him into beating people up on Halloween. At first Remy seemed shocked by the actions of his friends, but Scott assures Remy that they are just ethnically cleansing society. As such, Remy soon partakes in the assault on the fellow students. Another group example Singleton uses is the process of groupthink. Irving Janis coined the term, groupthink, as a narrowing of thought by people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer and that they suggestion of alternatives is a sign of disloyalty. Singleton provides a good example of groupthink when Fudge sets off to vindicate Monets honor after having been called a black bitch. Fudges friends need no explanation on what was said, or by whom, only that there was an injustice done. The last major sociological issue arising in Higher Learning is the Authoritarian Personality. .u12b01cb76d6f258e1938c06eedc8e281 , .u12b01cb76d6f258e1938c06eedc8e281 .postImageUrl , .u12b01cb76d6f258e1938c06eedc8e281 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u12b01cb76d6f258e1938c06eedc8e281 , .u12b01cb76d6f258e1938c06eedc8e281:hover , .u12b01cb76d6f258e1938c06eedc8e281:visited , .u12b01cb76d6f258e1938c06eedc8e281:active { border:0!important; } .u12b01cb76d6f258e1938c06eedc8e281 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u12b01cb76d6f258e1938c06eedc8e281 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u12b01cb76d6f258e1938c06eedc8e281:active , .u12b01cb76d6f258e1938c06eedc8e281:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u12b01cb76d6f258e1938c06eedc8e281 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u12b01cb76d6f258e1938c06eedc8e281 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u12b01cb76d6f258e1938c06eedc8e281 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u12b01cb76d6f258e1938c06eedc8e281 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u12b01cb76d6f258e1938c06eedc8e281:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u12b01cb76d6f258e1938c06eedc8e281 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u12b01cb76d6f258e1938c06eedc8e281 .u12b01cb76d6f258e1938c06eedc8e281-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u12b01cb76d6f258e1938c06eedc8e281:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Learning Styles (3167 words) EssayTheodor Adorno used the term authoritarian personality for people who are prejudiced and rank high on scales of conformity, intolerance, insecurity, respect for authority, and submissiveness to superiors. The character of Remy, is a classic example of having an authoritarian personality. Remy is in desperate need of attaching himself to something or someone. Throughout the film, Singleton depicts Remy as a loser who says inappropriate things at the wrong time. For example, after Kristen rushes out of the fraternity, Remy walks over to Billy and congratulates him on gettinglaid. However, Remy misinterprets the scenario and is deemed an outcast by the majority of the fraternity brothers. Another example of Remys insecurity is when he blames the minorities in his class for his failure at becoming an engineer. Another character with authoritarian characteristics is Kristen. She too seems desperate to fit into the college lifestyle. Singleton exemplifies this when Kristen is talking to Dr. Phipps about her term paper. Phipps informs Kristen that her work lacks an argument, and she should argue on her beliefs and not what she thinks her professors want to hear. Soon there after, Dr. Phipps states a thesis statement that Kristen could have argued, and Kristen thanks the professor for the idea. Phipps informs Kristen that is his argument, and encourages her to generate her own ideas and not to argue someone elses beliefs. The final character Singleton portrayed with an authoritarian personality is Malik. Numerous times during the film, Malik is shown asking for someone elses opinion on what course of action he should take. For example, at the end of the film, Dr. Phipps tells Malik on how impressed he is on the improvement of Maliks paper, especially through all of the tragedies. Malik asks Dr. Phipps on what does he think the right course of action would be regarding Maliks future. Malik is characterized as a person who needs the reassurance of someone else to ensure that he is on course. Singleton also sheds a light on some minor sociological issues. One example is deviance. Deviance is the violation of rules and norms Henslin, p. 126. An e xample of deviance from the film is the date rape of Kristen. Although Kristen seems to originally give consent to have sex, she asks Billy to stop and put on a condom. Since Billy showed no signs of succumbing to her wishes, she insisted that he stop. This disregard for Kristens welfare, not to mention the possibility of transmitting numerous sexually transmitted diseases, constitutes rape. An additional minor issue is social status. Social status is the position that someone occupies in society or a social group Henslin, p. 83. An example of a social status originating from the film is the change in attitude in Remy upon joining the skinhead group. Before joining this group, Remy seemed to lack confidence and self-awareness; however, after joining the group his confidence seemed to grow as did his self-awareness. Further minor issues arising from Singletons movie is subcultures. A subculture has values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture Henslin, p. 43. An instance from Higher Learning is Scotts group. Singleton illustrates this particular group to be either a skinhead or neo-nazi group. Either of these groups believes in white supremacy, and wishes to achieve an Aryan race. Scotts group shows numerous signs of deviance against minorities and ascribes to hate literature. An additional minor issue emerging from the dramatization is gender. The term gender infers those social characteristics that a society considers proper for its males and females Henslin, p. 229. Singleton provides an example of this when Kristen is raped. Singleton shows Kristen as a weak, helpless woman unable to defend herself. Conversely, Singleton shows how this weak female needs a strong male to defend her honor. .u7ec47540fd7e6af680ae5a87f9dff187 , .u7ec47540fd7e6af680ae5a87f9dff187 .postImageUrl , .u7ec47540fd7e6af680ae5a87f9dff187 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7ec47540fd7e6af680ae5a87f9dff187 , .u7ec47540fd7e6af680ae5a87f9dff187:hover , .u7ec47540fd7e6af680ae5a87f9dff187:visited , .u7ec47540fd7e6af680ae5a87f9dff187:active { border:0!important; } .u7ec47540fd7e6af680ae5a87f9dff187 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7ec47540fd7e6af680ae5a87f9dff187 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7ec47540fd7e6af680ae5a87f9dff187:active , .u7ec47540fd7e6af680ae5a87f9dff187:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7ec47540fd7e6af680ae5a87f9dff187 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7ec47540fd7e6af680ae5a87f9dff187 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7ec47540fd7e6af680ae5a87f9dff187 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7ec47540fd7e6af680ae5a87f9dff187 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7ec47540fd7e6af680ae5a87f9dff187:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7ec47540fd7e6af680ae5a87f9dff187 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7ec47540fd7e6af680ae5a87f9dff187 .u7ec47540fd7e6af680ae5a87f9dff187-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7ec47540fd7e6af680ae5a87f9dff187:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The butterfly effect EssayThis is illustrated by Fudge going over to the fraternity house and dragging Billy out by the scruff of his neck and forcing an apology out of him. The movie, Higher Learning, is a not-so-subtle movie illustrating numerous sociological issues. John Singleton is trying to show how societys preconceived notions affect the world we live in, and how society at large should unlearn; however, this task is not easily achieved. Only through learning can individuals shed some light on creating a socially responsible society. Unfortunately, there are too many people who would rather live in the dark.

Definition of Gerrymander

Definition of Gerrymander To gerrymander is to draw the boundaries of electoral districts in an irregular way so as to create an unfair advantage for a particular political party or faction. The origin of the term gerrymander dates back to the early 1800s in Massachusetts. The word is a combination of the words Gerry, for the states governor, Elbridge Gerry, and salamander, as a particular electoral district was jokingly said to be shaped like a lizard. The practice of creating oddly shaped electoral districts to create advantages has endured for two centuries. Criticisms of the practice can be found in newspapers and books going back to the time of the incident in Massachusetts that inspired the term. And while it has always been viewed as something done wrongfully, nearly all political parties and factions have practiced gerrymandering when given the opportunity. The Drawing of Congressional Districts The United States Constitution specifies that seats in Congress are apportioned according to the U.S. Census (indeed, thats the original reason why the federal government has conducted a census every ten years). And the individual states must create congressional districts which will then elect members of the U.S. House of Representatives. The situation in Massachusetts in 1811 was that the Democrats (who were political followers of Thomas Jefferson, not the later Democratic Party which still exists) held the majority of seats in the state legislature, and could therefore draw the required Congressional districts. The Democrats wanted to thwart the power of their opponents, the Federalists, the party in the tradition of John Adams. A plan was devised to create Congressional districts that would divide any concentrations of Federalists. With the map drawn in an irregular way, small pockets of Federalists would then be residing within districts where they would be heavily outnumbered. The plans to draw these peculiarly shaped districts were, of course, highly controversial. And the lively New England newspapers engaged in quite a battle of words, and, eventually, even pictures. The Coining of the Term Gerrymander There has been dispute over the years of who exactly coined the term gerrymander. An early book on the history of American newspapers stated that the word arose from a meeting of the Boston newspaper editor Benjamin Russell and the famed American painter Gilbert Stuart. In Anecdotes, Personal Memoirs, and Biographies of Literary Men Connected With Newspaper Literature, published in 1852, Joseph T. Buckingham presented the following story: In 1811, when Mr. Gerry was governor of the commonwealth, the legislature made a new division of the districts for the election of representatives to Congress. Both branches then had a Democratic majority. For the purpose of securing a Democratic representative, an absurd and singular arrangement of towns in the county of Essex was made to compose a district. Russell took a map of the county, and designated by a particular coloring the towns thus selected. He then hung the map on the wall of his editorial closet. One day, Gilbert Stuart, the celebrated painter, looked at the map, and said the towns, which Russell had thus distinguished, formed a picture resembling some monstrous animal. He took a pencil, and, with a few touches, added what might be supposed to represent claws. There, said Stuart, that will do for a salamander.Russell, who was busy with his pen, looked up at the hideous figure, and exclaimed, Salamander! Call it Gerrymander!The word became a proverb, and, for many years, was in popular use among the Federalists as a term of reproach to the Democratic legislature, which had distinguished itself by this act of political turpitude. An engraving of the Gerrymander  was made, and hawked about the state, which had some effect in annoying the Democratic Party. The word gerrymander, often rendered in hyphenated form as gerry-mander, began to appear in New England newspapers in March 1812. For instance, the Boston Repertory, on March 27, 1812, published an illustration representing the oddly shaped Congressional district as a lizard with claws, teeth, and even the wings of a mythical dragon. A headline described it as A New Species of Monster. In the text below the illustration an editorial said: The district may be exhibited as a Monster. It is the offspring of moral and political depravity. It was created to drown the real voice of the majority of the citizens in the country of Essex, where it is well known there is a large federal majority. Outrage Over the Gerry-Mander Monster Faded Though New England newspapers blasted the newly drawn district and the politicians who created it, other newspapers in 1812 reported the same phenomenon had occurred elsewhere. And the practice had been given a lasting name. Incidentally, Elbridge Gerry, the Massachusetts governor whose name wound up being the basis for the term, was the leader of the Jeffersonian Democrats in the state at the time. But there is some dispute whether he even approved of the scheme to draw the oddly shaped district. Gerry had been a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and had a long career of political service. Having his name dragged into the conflict over the Congressional districts seemed not to harm him, and was a successful vice-presidential candidate in the election of 1812. Gerry died in 1814 while serving as vice president in the administration of President James Madison. Gratitude is expressed to the New York Public Library Digital Collections for the use of the early 19th century illustration of The Gerry-Mander.

Observations and child interactions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Observations and child interactions - Assignment Example He would pull himself up on couches, chairs and tables and very quickly do a scramble from one edge to another, but when he was about to stand without support, he would totter and fall quickly to his bottom. Sometimes this upset him and at other times he would just try again. The observations took place on two different days. Interpretations The first observation was made over the course of about five minutes. When the mother sat on the floor with her child, their bond was clear by the way he would respond to her movements. He understood her cues just like she could anticipate his movements. They had played this game on many occasions. She would hold out her hands with the palms up which would get him excited. He would slap at them until he placed his hands in hers, sometimes scooting a bit towards her on the floor. Pulling himself up by holding onto her hands, he would stand while making eye contact with his mother. She sucked in her breath and make a unique repeating blowing sound between her lips as she stood up on her knees, and then rose to her feet. Bending over with his hands in hers, she would then kiss his forehead and then say â€Å"so little man, where do you want to go?† The child responded by taking steps towards her, moving more quickly until he started to fall forward at which point she scooped him and swung him around as he laughed. The practice of walking was a game with a chronology that they both seemed to expect. This same ritual happened on both occasions when they were observed. This interaction was highly interactive with the child and the mother watching each other intently. She spoke in warm, happy tones as they both prepared for the end of the ritual. The relationship with the grandmother was a little different. The interactions between the grandmother and Kyle were done also on two occasions for about five minutes. The grandmother took Kyle’s hands rather than waiting for him to give them to her. She pulled him to his fe et, and then led him walking from one place to the other. Although Kyle was energetic and was enjoying moving from place to place, his focus was on his feet and where he could run, but he was not focused on his grandmother’s face. She eventually picked him up and kissed his neck, making him laugh and then clap. The second time I observed them she pulled him to his feet and let him around the room, but he tripped and fell, falling to the ground. She tried to sooth him but his mother came to intervene. The second interaction happened three days later in about 5 minutes each. The grandmother, the mother, and the child were all in the room. This time the grandmother went first. She lifted Kyle to his feet and began to walk him around the room, his feet stepping over one another as he pulled and she pulled in different directions. Kyle became frustrated and it ended with him in tears. His mother picked him up and soothed him. Eventually, she sat on the floor with him, kissing him and laughing with him, keeping her eye contact with him during the prelude. Eventually she put her hands out, but he did not immediately put them into hers. He did within a minute, however, and then they stood together. He took more tentative steps at first, but when he realized that he was in control of where they would go he began to step in different directions. He tired more quickly than he did than during the first observation,

Caffeine Addiction (energy drinks) of College Students Term Paper

Caffeine Addiction (energy drinks) of College Students - Term Paper Example This sets it apart from other psychoactive drugs. It promotes alertness and wakefulness. However, it is also said to have side effects such as increased heartbeat, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and insomnia, which are the most common. Rare side effects include abdominal bloating, dehydration and bloody diarrhea. Energy drinks such as Red Bull and Monster, are a popular beverage among college students as they are believed to give energy and boost performance while studying or working on major course projects, driving for long periods of time, to treat hangover and when drinking alcohol during partying. Energy drinks have also been marketed to aid in weight loss, maintain alertness, mood and cognitive enhancement, performance in athletics and concentration. The beverages stimulate the central nervous system and the users expect performance improvement physically and mentally (Hoyte, Albert, & Heard, 2013). Combining energy drinks and alcohol has dangerous effects since they enhance stimulation and promote behavioral inhibition. Most people tend to undermine their levels of alcohol intoxication since the symptoms of alcohol have been reduced. Energy drinks also increase the alcohol absorption rates and have also been associated with the use of marijuana, consumption of alcohol, aggressive behavior, risky sexual behavior and driving under the influence of alcohol. Alcohol related deaths are on the increase due to dampened intoxication levels (Velazquez, Poulos, Latimer, & Pasch, 2012). In addition, most people have very minimum knowledge regarding the ingredients found in energy drinks and their potential harmful effects both physiologically and psychologically. The drinks contain sugar, caffeine, vitamins, carbohydrates, guarana, taurine and ginseng, which are herbal supplements. Kola nuts and cocoa are additives that may be added to increase the caffeine content in the energy drinks. Varying ingredient combinations are common and thus they

Globalization and the United States Military Policy Essay

Globalization and the United States Military Policy - Essay Example The US military troop has also observed same lines of objectives. The varied policy of the US government in controlling and setting guideline for operation has been dealt differently by different leaders. Some of the policies have undergone criticism, while some have been appreciated, in context of global as well as the sate framework. The impact of US military troops on globalization will not provide much help to revive its dominant nature and reflect its strength. US Military policy: Off late US military is away from campaigns and battles and have indulged in peace enforcement. The preponderance of US military seems to degrade in matters of exercising powers with the arsenals like missile and the Nuclear weapons. The significance of the United States as a military power seems to dwindle. The employment of the US forces is used in areas to augment social integration, in handling events of natural disaster. American military is experiencing a new era in the advent of globalization. S ignificant changes in the mission of US military have been observed with change attitudes. The change in US policy of military administration was observed in the Weinberger- Powell doctrine in 1984. The doctrine specified circumstances where the US forces are to be deployed. The main objective of the doctrine was to prevent the catastrophe which occurred in Vietnam. It specified that Americans should indulge in fight or war only at times when the countries interest is at its stake. The missions should been undertaken only if it has similar political and military objectives. The deployment should only be done when all the measures undertaken have failed. (Preble, 2011)The Weinberger- Powell doctrine seems to vanish with the beginning of the Bush era in The United States. George Bush deployed The US forces in the northern Iraq and Somalia and also carried air attack in parts of Iraq. The policy of US president Bill Clinton was also transparent. His doctrine signified the priority towa rds avoidance of any casualty and the use of force to cause absolute minimal damage. However the temptation to put the strongest military force of the world into action was also hardly resisted by him. Under his regime attacks against Iraq for punishing Saddam Husain was also carried out. Besides, Serbia was also subjected to daily bombings by the US military force. Clinton government was however strategic in the use of forces. Forces were deployed in specific targets which had lesser probability of causing bloodshed and slaughter, and had limited capability to retaliate. A fair distinction was drawn between the terms war and attacks in the backdrops of national sacrifice. US military and globalization: With Globalization creeping in and the world experiencing an open economy, America still persuades to showcase its global power. America aims to set up an international order with openness as its primary characteristics. The emergence of an open world will create opportunities for ne w military requirements. The proper functioning of the open economy will require rules to be framed. United States aims to impart discipline and cohesion to the system. The rules framed by the US government needs to be maintained by the nations and they have to abide by the fundamental economic importance of the global market. President Clinton had the view that without the presence

Thailand Monarchy and Government Overview

Thailand Monarchy and Government Overview BACKGROUND OF MONARCHY The current king of Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej, is part of the Siamese-cum-Thai monarchy and has reigned since 9 June 1946. This has made him the world’s longest reigning current monarch and the world’s longest serving head of state ( ). In accordance with the constitution of Thailand, most of the king’s power is divulged to his elected government whereby the king is considered above partisan affair and uninvolved with the decision-making process ( ). As ceremonial head of state, however, the king still retains power in being the head of the Royal Thai Armed forces, the prerogative of royal assent and also in having the power of pardon. The current concept of Thai kingship has evolved through 800 years of absolute rule. The Siamese-cum-Thai monarchy dates back to the founding of the Kingdom of Sukhothai, by the first king of a unified Thailand: King Sri Indraditya in 1238 ( ). This early kingship showed signs of the religious influence that is still present in today’s monarchy and was said to be based on two concepts derived from Hinduism and Theravada Buddhist beliefs: the Vedic-Hindu caste of â€Å"kshatriya† (â€Å"warrior-ruler†) and the Buddhist concept of â€Å"Dhammaraja† (â€Å"kingship under Dharma†) after Buddhism was introduced to Thailand somewhere around the sixth century A.D ( ). â€Å"Kingship under Dhammaraja† essentially means that the king should rule his people in accordance with the Dharma and the teachings of the Buddha, thus showing early signs of the stronghold that Buddhism has had over the Thai monarchy from such an early stage. In 1279 the concepts behind Thai kingship were somewhat altered at the entrance of King Ramkhamhaeng to the throne ( ). The past traditions were replaced by the conept of â€Å"paternal rule† in which the king governs his people â€Å"as a father would govern his children ( ). However these changes lasted briefly as the Kingdom of Sukhothai was eventually supplanted by the Kingdom of Ayutthaya, which was founded in 1351 by King Ramathibodhi I ( ). The Ayutthaya period of kingship brought with it changes, re-establishing the former Hindhu and Buddhist concepts along with a third, older concept of â€Å"Devaraja† (â€Å"Divine-King†) borrowed by the Khmer Empire from the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms of Java ( ). The concept was based on the idea that the king was an incarnation (Avatar) of the god Vishnu and that he was a Bodhisattva (enlightened one). This essentially meant the king had religious and moral power and purity of blood. State interests portrayed the King as a semi-divine figure which started to develop his image – through rigid cultural implementation – as an object of worship and veneration to his people. This broke away from the early concepts of kingship which emphasized strong bonds between the king and his subjects ( ). The monarchy from then on was largely removed from the people and became an absolute ruler and universal lord of his realm ( ). Kings demanded that the universe be envisioned as resolving around them, and expressed their powers through elaborate rituals and ceremonies. Although far less exaggerated, this notion of divinity and higher status of the monarchy is still present in Thailand today, where the king remains widely revered and serves as a spiritual leader to the state. Despite this seemingly ludicrous adoration of the monarchy in these early periods however, the kings that ruled over Ayutthaya for four centuries experienced some of the greatest periods of eco nomic, cultural and military growth in Thai history ( ). King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (or Rama I) established a new dynasty in 1782 and moved the capital from Thonburi to Bangkok. King Rama I also founded the House of Chakri, the current ruling house of Thailand ( ). During this Rattanakosin period the Chakri kings tried to re-establish the concepts of the Ayutthayan kingship and emphasize the connection between the sovereign and his subjects, but at the same time would not relinquish any power or authority from the throne. Most notably, Kings Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II) and Nangklao (Rama III) created a semblance of a modern administration by creating the supreme council and appointing chief officers to help with the running of the government ( ). This was a turning point in Buddhist influence within the monarchy and government giving the religion a firmer grip on the decision making processes ( ). BACKGROUND OF THE GOVERNMENT In June 1932 the influence and power of the monarchy was eventually challenged. After 150 years of absolute Chakri rule, King Prajadhipok was confronted with a group of foreign educated students and military men called â€Å"the promoters† who carried out a bloodless revolution, seizing power and demanding that the king grant the people of Siam a constitution ( ). The king agreed and in December 1932 the people were granted a constitution in which the power of the monarchy was divulged to the elected prime minister and national assembly, removing the political authority of the crown and founding a nascent ‘democracy’. ( ). 1946 saw the first direct elections held in which the people of Thailand voted for members of a bicameral legislature (Senate and House of Representatives) to be presided over by a Prime Minister representing the executive branch ( ). The Judiciary, including a Supreme Court, acts independently of the executive office and the legislature, though it was not until the 1996 constitution that more effective checks and balances were instituted ( ). From its inception â€Å"democracy† in Thailand has been turbulent, with 17 coup d’etats passing power back and forth between leaders of the military and an elite bureaucracy that borders on plutocracy ( ). Seventeen different constitutions have governed the country; the Kingdoms current constitution the result of the most recent coup d’etat; a bloodless overthrow of then Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawattra in 2006 ( ). Currently, Thailand is embroiled in political wrangling over the implications of that coup and the subsequent legislative shake up caused by mass protests both against and in favour of the former Prime Minister. Nevertheless, the Thai people are extremely politically active and value their freedom regardless of their tenuous democracy ( ). Under the 2007 Constitution (drafted by a military appointed council, but approved by a referendum) the present structure of the Government of Thailand was established ( ). Despite the seventeen constitutions, the basic structure of the government has remained the same. The government of Thailand is made up of three branches; the executive, the legislative and the judiciary, a system of government similar to that of the Westminster system of the United Kingdom. Along with the monarchy, this essay will pay special attention to both the legislative and judicial branches of this political system, and how they interact with Buddhist influences in the form of the sangha council.

Thinking and Enquiry Skills in Global Education Essay -- Global Educat

To examine and explore what is global citizenship? This essay will look at the importance of becoming a global citizenship, the role we, as educators play in this development and how the curriculum frameworks and associated learning emphases for global education assist in the development of a global citizen. What is global education? â€Å"Global citizenship would seem a recent concept, but its origin can be traced back to at least 4th century Greece when Diogenes declared himself a cosmopolitan – a citizen of the world† (Hower, 2010, p.1). The idea of global citizenship, then, emerged even before there was a clear understanding of just what the globe entailed or who populated it, Hower, 2010, although different people and cultures were unknown to anyone. Oxfam (1997) believes that global citizenship goes beyond knowing that as citizens of the world there is a need to acknowledge our responsibilities towards each other and the earth. It is about the need to solve inequality and to work actively in achieving these needs. It can be just a matter of looking after the earth for our future generations and to have a belief that as individuals or as a nation can make a difference. â€Å"Twenty-first century Australians are members of a global community, connected to the whole wor ld by ties of culture, economics and politics, enhanced communication and travel and a shared environment† (Curriculum Corporation, 2008, p.2). The importance of becoming a global citizen is paramount for us as humans as there is a need to develop a sense of identity and self esteem Oxfam 1997. In addition being a global citizen gives us an awareness of what it means to be a member of a community and how this can influence responses to global issues. Hower (2010) p... ...ademics/.../Making_of_a_Global_Citizen.pdf Curriculum Corporation, (2008). Global Perspectives: A framework for global education in Australian schools. Carlton South, Vic. Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (2009). Education for Global and Multicultural Citizenship. A strategy for Victorian Government Schools, 2009-2013. Retrieved December 26th, 2010 from: www.eduweb.vic.gov.au/edulibrary/.../multicultural-ed-strategy.pdf Opotow, S., Gerson, J., & Woodside, S. (2005). From Moral Exclusion to Moral Inclusion: Theory for Teaching Peace. Retrieved December 31st, from: http://proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.utas.edu.au/pqdweb?RQT=318&pmid=27912 Victorian Essential Learning Standards, (2005). Civics and Citizenship – Level 1. Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority. Retrieved January 1st, from: http://vels.vcaa.vic.edu.au/